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  • 对应法规:ASTM D4169
    CNAS认可项目:是
  • Designation: D 4169 – 08

    Standard Practice for

    Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems

    1

    This standard is issued under the fifixed designation D 4169; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

    original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A

    superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

    This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

    1. Scope

    1.1 This practice provides a uniform basis of evaluating, in

    a laboratory, the ability of shipping units to withstand the

    distribution environment. This is accomplished by subjecting

    them to a test plan consisting of a sequence of anticipated

    hazard elements encountered in various distribution cycles.

    This practice is not intended to supplant material specififications

    or existing preshipment test procedures.

    1.2 This practice does not include performance testing of

    packages for single parcel shipments (see Practice D 7386).

    1.3 The suitability of this practice for use with hazardous

    materials has not been determined.

    1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded

    as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical

    conversions to SI units that are provided for information only

    and are not considered standard.

    1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the

    safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

    responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro

    priate safety and health practices and determine the applica

    bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.

    2. Referenced Documents

    2.1 ASTM Standards:

    2

    D 642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resis

    tance of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit

    Loads

    D 880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con

    tainers and Systems

    D 951 Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Con

    tainers by Spray Method

    D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ

    ments

    D 999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping

    Containers

    D 4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact

    Test for Shipping Containers and Systems

    D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or

    Packaging Components for Testing

    D 4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of

    Shipping Containers

    D 5265 Test Method for Bridge Impact Testing

    D 5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by

    Free Fall

    D 5277 Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizon

    tal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester

    D 5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Con

    tainers by Shock Machines

    D 6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized

    Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates

    D 6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized

    Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates

    D 6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport

    Packages

    D 6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of High

    Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method

    D 7386 Practice for Performance Testing of Packages for

    Single Parcel Delivery Systems

    F 1327 Terminology Relating to Barrier Materials for Medi

    cal Packaging

    3

    2.2 Military Standards:

    4

    MIL-STD-810F Environmental Test Methods

    MIL-STD-2073–1 DOD Standard Practice for Military

    Packaging

    3. Terminology

    3.1 Defifinitions—General defifinitions for the packaging and

    distribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.

    1

    This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging

    and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers and

    Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.

    Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originally

    approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 4169 – 05.

    2

    For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

    contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

    Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

    the ASTM website.

    3

    Withdrawn.

    4

    Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700

    Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.

    1

    Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.--``,`,```,`,,,``,``,,`,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

    3.2 Defifinitions of Terms Specifific to This Standard:

    3.2.1 acceptance criteria—the acceptable quality level that

    must be met after the shipping unit has been subjected to the

    test plan. See Section 7.

    3.2.2 assurance level—the level of test intensity based on

    its probability of occurring in a typical distribution cycle.

    3.2.2.1 Discussion—Level I is a high level of test intensity

    and has a low probability of occurrence. Level III is a low level

    of test intensity, but has a correspondingly high probability of

    occurrence. Level II is between these extremes. For Distribu

    tion Cycle 18 (DC–18), see MIL-STD-2073–1 for defifinitions

    of military levels of protection.

    3.2.3 coeffıcient of restitution—the ratio of the rebound

    velocity to the impact velocity.

    3.2.4 distribution cycle (DC)—the sequential listing of the

    test schedules employed to simulate the hazard elements

    expected to occur for a specifific routing of a shipping unit from

    production to consumption. See Table 1.

    3.2.5 feeder aircraft—small, potentially non-pressurized

    aircraft used to transport express packages.

    3.2.6 hazard element—a specifific event that occurs in a

    distribution cycle that may pose a hazard to a shipping unit.

    The element will usually be simulated by a single test schedule.

    See Section 9.

    3.2.7 shipping unit—the smallest complete unit that will be

    subjected to the distribution environment, for example, a

    shipping container and its contents.

    3.2.7.1 small shipping unit—for DC-18, a small shipping

    unit is defifined as one having no edge dimension or diameter

    over 60 in. (1.52 m) and a gross weight of 100 lb (45 kg) or

    less.

    3.2.7.2 large shipping unit—for DC-18, a large shipping

    unit is defifined as one having at least one edge dimension or

    diameter over 60 in. (1.52 m) or a gross weight in excess of 100

    lb (45 kg), or it is one that has a gross weight exceeding 100 lb

    (45 kg) and is secured to a base or to the base of a shipping

    unit.

    3.2.8 test plan—a specifific listing of the test sequence to be

    followed to simulate the hazards anticipated during the distri

    bution cycle of a shipping unit. Included will be the test

    intensity and number of sequential tests to be conducted. See

    8.5.

    3.2.9 test schedule—the specifific procedure to be used,

    including the three assurance level intensities, and a reference

    to the test method that is the basis of the schedule.

    3.2.9.1 Discussion—The purpose of the schedule is to

    simulate the forces occurring during any hazard element of the

    distribution cycle. See Section 9.

    3.2.10 total velocity change, (DV)—the sum of the impact

    and rebound velocities.

    3.3 Abbreviations:

    3.3.1 TOFC—trailer on flflatcar.

    3.3.2 COFC—container on flflatcar.

    3.3.3 TL—truckload.

    3.3.4 CL—carload.

    3.3.5 LTL—less than truckload.

    4. Signifificance and Use

    4.1 This practice provides a guide for the evaluation of

    shipping units in accordance with a uniform system, using

    established test methods at levels representative of those

    occurring in actual distribution. The recommended test levels

    are based on available information on the shipping and

    handling environment, and current industry/government prac

    tice and experience (1-13).

    5

    The tests should be performed

    sequentially on the same containers in the order given. For use

    as a performance test, this practice requires that the shipping

    unit tested remain unopened until the sequence of tests are

    completed. If used for other purposes, such as package

    development, it may be useful to open and inspect shipping

    units at various times throughout the sequence. This may,

    however, prohibit evaluating the inflfluence of the container

    closure on container performance.

    4.2 For Distribution Cycle 18, as referred to in MIL-STD-

    2073–1, the use of this practice is defifined in subsequent

    sections identifified as DC-18.

    5. Test Specimen

    5.1 Test specimens consist of representative samples of

    complete shipping units, including actual contents. Products

    with blemishes or minor defects may be used if the defective

    component is not to be studied by the test and if the defect is

    documented in the report. Dummy test loads are acceptable if

    testing the actual product might be hazardous. If a dummy load

    is used, it should be instrumented to determine if the fragility

    level of the actual product has been exceeded. Take care to

    duplicate the load characteristics of the actual product, and

    avoid unnecessary prehandling.

    5.2 Care must be taken to ensure that no degradation has

    occurred to either the product or the package if the test

    packages have been shipped to the test site. If any doubt exists

    as to the condition of the package, repack the product in new

    packaging material before testing.

    5.3 The number of test replications depends on the desired

    objectives of the testing and the availability of duplicate

    products and shipping containers. Replicate testing is recom

    mended to improve the reliability of the test results.

    6. Conditioning

    6.1 If the distribution cycle contains climatic conditions that

    have an effect on the performance characteristics of the

    product, shipping container, or components such as cushioning,

    use one of the following procedures. (It should be noted that

    different atmospheric conditions are likely to exist between the

    origin and destination points of a distribution cycle, particu

    larly for export/import cycles.)

    6.1.1 Conduct the test at standard conditions and compen

    sate for the effects of any climatic condition. Condition the

    shipping units to a standard atmosphere of 73.4 6 2°F (23 6

    1°C) and 50 6 2 % relative humidity. Condition fifiberboard

    containers in accordance with Practice D 4332. The same

    atmospheric condition should be used for any assurance level.

    5

    The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of

    this practice.

    D 4169 – 08

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    TABLE 1 Distribution Cycles

    Performance Test Schedule Sequence

    (see Section 9 for Test Schedule defifinition)

    DC Distribution Cycle First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh

    1 General Cycle—undefifined distribution

    system

    Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule D Stacked

    Vibration

    Schedule F

    Loose-Load

    Vibration

    Schedule G

    Rail

    Switching

    Schedule J

    Concentrated

    Impact

    Schedule A

    Handling

    2 Specially defifined distribution system,

    user specifified (see Appendix X2)

    select from Schedules A through I

    3 Single package without pallet or skid,

    LTL motor freight

    Schedule

    A

    Handling

    —Manual

    Schedule D Stacked

    Vibration OR

    Schedule C Vehicle

    Stacking plus

    Schedule E Vehicle

    Vibration

    Schedule F

    Loose-Load

    Vibration

    Schedule J

    Concentrated

    Impact

    Schedule A

    Handling—

    Manual

    ...

    4 Single package with pallet or skid,

    LTL motor freight

    Schedule

    A

    Handling

    —Mechanical

    Schedule D Stacked

    Vibration OR

    Schedule C Vehicle

    Stacking plus

    Schedule E Vehicle

    Vibration

    Schedule F

    Loose-Load

    Vibration

    Schedule J

    Concentrated

    Impact

    Schedule A

    Handling—

    Mechanical

    ...

    5 Motor freight, TL, not unitized Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule D Stacked

    Vibration

    Schedule E

    Vehicle

    Vibration

    Schedule J

    Concentrated

    Impact

    Schedule A

    Handling

    ...

    6 Motor freight, TL, or LTL—unitized Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule D Stacked

    Vibration OR

    Schedule C Vehicle

    Stacking plus

    Schedule E Vehicle

    Vibration

    Schedule J

    Concentrated

    Impact

    Schedule A

    Handling

    Schedule B

    Warehouse

    Stacking

    ...

    7 Rail only, bulk loaded Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule D Stacked

    Vibration

    Schedule G

    Rail

    Switching

    Schedule A

    Handling

    ... ...

    8 Rail only, unitized Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule D Stacked

    Vibration

    Schedule G

    Rail

    Switching

    Schedule A

    Handling

    Schedule B

    Warehouse

    Stacking

    ...

    9 Rail and motor freight, not unitized Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule C Vehicle

    Stacking

    Schedule E

    Vehicle

    Vibration

    Schedule G

    Rail

    Switching

    Schedule F

    Loose-Load

    Vibration

    Schedule J

    Concentrated

    Impact

    Schedule A

    Handling

    10 Rail and motor freight, unitized Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule D Stacked

    Vibration

    Schedule G

    Rail

    Switching

    Schedule J

    Concentrated

    Impact

    Schedule A

    Handling

    Schedule B

    Warehouse

    Stacking

    11 Rail, TOFC and COFC Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule G Rail

    Switching

    Schedule D

    Stacked

    Vibration

    Schedule F

    Loose-Load

    Vibration

    Schedule A

    Handling

    ...

    12 Air (intercity) and motor freight (local),

    over 100 lb (45.4 kg), unitized

    Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule D Stacked

    Vibration

    Schedule I

    Low

    Pressure

    A

    Schedule E

    Vehicle

    Vibration

    Schedule J

    Concentrated

    Impact

    Schedule A

    Handling

    13 Air (intercity) and motor freight (local,

    single package up to 100 lb (45.4 kg)

    Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule C Vehicle

    Stacking

    Schedule F

    Loose-Load

    Vibration

    Schedule I

    Low

    Pressure

    A

    Schedule E

    Vehicle

    Vibration

    Schedule J

    Concentrated

    Impact

    Schedule A

    Handling

    14 Warehousing (partial cycle to be added to

    other cycles as needed)

    Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule B

    Warehouse Stacking

    ... ... ... ...

    15 Export/Import shipment for intermodal

    container or roll on/roll off trailer (partial

    cycle to be added to other cycles as

    needed)

    Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule C Vehicle

    Stacking

    Schedule A

    Handling

    ... ... ...

    16 Export/Import shipment for palletized cargo

    ship (partial cycle to be added to

    other cycles as needed)

    Schedule

    A

    Handling

    Schedule C Vehicle

    Stacking

    Schedule A

    Handling


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